My Major Accomplishments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Major Accomplishments - Essay Example Learning Chinese in three months and leading a successful exchange program delegation for my previous company where I presented our company’s portfolio in the Chinese. The funds for the trip were from fundraising event that I organized. I am always ready to take responsibility, and I feel that the medium size nature of this firm will provide me with the opportunity hastily. The medium size of the firm provides the chance for the build-up of proper working relationships necessary for promoting the firm’s effectiveness and employee satisfaction. I would expect to have advanced my role in the management level, managing one of the company’s international branches. This is because I hope my skills will elevate the organization into international status. My posting will bring in originality that will ensure boosting of the competitive advantage in the market for the organization’s products and services beyond the status my previous organization is now  enjoying.

Principles of Fire Behavior Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Fire Behavior - Research Proposal Example Passive fire protection refers to measures that are generally built into buildings during construction in accordance with fire codes. The following will outline various modes and techniques of both suppressant agents and of fire suppressing strategies. In the suppression of wildfires, it should first be noted that wildfires that do not threaten human habitation generally are allowed to burn. Wildfires are part of a natural process, and as such they are not considered to be a bad thing. Where wildfires become a problem is when they threaten human habitation. Water is the most common fire suppressant agent, but the mode of delivery depends upon the location and terrain of the wildfire. For instance, water can be delivered by plane or by helicopter. These same planes or helicopters can be used to deliver various chemical fire suppressing agents as well. Firefighters also repel or parachute, which is referred to as smoke jumping, into areas in order to set up pre-emptive fire suppressing measures. On the ground, firefighters use small water or chemical agent pumps in order to douse and control small fires from spreading. Additionally, they will carry chainsaws in order to construct firebreaks, which is simply removing combustible mate rials from an area in order to prevent the spread of fire. Furthermore, tanker trucks carrying thousands of gallons of water are utilized to deliver water or other suppressant agents to where they are needed (Berry 2007). Human life is considered the most important factor in fire suppression. After this, various aspects such as the protection of property, health, safety, and ecological factors are taken into consideration. In the worst cases of enormous fires, the preservation of human life is the only possible action that can be taken. Cost and safety or firefighters is taken into consideration as well. Another technique in wildfire suppression is the creation of

Study On The Environment And The Event Industry Tourism Essay

Study On The Environment And The Event Industry Tourism Essay This report will focus on the environment in which GL events is currently operating. GL events started as a small company based in Lyon in 1978 providing furniture and stands for exhibitors. Through mergers and acquisitions, they have progressively evolved to become an important player in todays exhibiting and event world with 34 venues around the world, an event and exhibition full-organising service and a portfolio of 250 trade-shows in various industries (food beverage, sport leisure, health, etc.). Influencing all trends and being influenced by all trends, the exhibition and events industry is in the centre of it all. No company can succeed without being aware of the environment it is evolving in. In the exhibition and events industry, companies need to pay particular attention to details impacting not only its industry directly but also every other sector of activity as it would soon have repercussions on future events, exhibitions, product launches, etc. For this reason, a good PESTEL analysis for the industry needs to cover a broad range of issues and analyse many trends which may not influence events yet but could soon be a threat if companies do not react and stay in the times. This report will focus on a PESTEL analysis (Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Environment, Legal) of the exhibition and events industry conclude by establishing which factors GL events should most take into account going forward as they could be potential threats or areas of opportunities in the years to come. Political: There are two main political factors influencing the industry today. One is the increasing political pressures to make regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We will see in the environmental section that this trend started with consumer awareness but it is no longer just something the clients want to know more about, it has become an obligation. This has greatly impacted the transport industry, in particular airlines which found their image hit as people all around the world pointed to airplanes being a major source of pollution. This impacts the event and exhibition industry, especially at a time when various green technologies are evolving to permit meetings, conferences and even exhibitions to take place online (Long, 2009). This will be developed further in Environmental and Technology sections. The second is the increased globalisation and liberalisation of trade and deregulation (Dwyer, L and Edwards, D 2009). This is very important in terms of number of potential competitors and number of potential clients. Companies need to learn to evolve in a globalised economy, taking advantage of it by going to find new markets, possibly entering into partnerships with similar companies to widen market share and visibility. With this liberalisation of trade comes political pressure to have global higher standards of living. If you do not see your neighbours yard, you do not know that it is greener, when you break the fence, you find that it is. It is this situation that developing countries are finding themselves in today. Citizens all around the world can use internet to gain knowledge about how others are living and become envious. Because of this, countries want to attract foreign investment to boost local economies and gain wealth and higher standards of living. This creates oppo rtunities for countries not only to establish new and cheaper production lines but also to display their products in emerging markets. Last week for example, Apple launched the Iphone4 in China (AFP, 2010). Economy This last point brings us to analysing the economic trends and pressures impacting on the exhibition and events industry. Although the UNWTO 2002 forecasted world tourism to grow at a rate of 4.1% annually until 2020 (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009) due to rising wealth internationally, the exhibition and event industry has seen a slow in growth since 2005 but a rise in exhibition and event attendance (Biba E, 2008). This puts the industry in a rather awkward position. There are people coming to exhibitions but exhibitors have switched their approach towards events and exhibition. Indeed, especially with the recent crisis, the first expenses cut by organisations worldwide were advertising and travel. Exhibitions and events being in the centre of this, the industry was hit and forced to react. The expectations from exhibitors will be looked into more fully when we look at the social aspects of the trend but the main ideas are that companies are looking to maximise their ROI (return on investment) (Kovaleski D, 2009) and minimise the perception of frivolous spending (trips, events, etc.) (Events Managers, 2010). In order to do this, companies are squeezing suppliers to get more value for money and investigating the return on investment of their events much more closely and looking at alternatives more then they did before. Companies are not so much cutting their exhibition and event spending so much as allocating it more carefully and with conditions of an assured return (Biba E, 2007). This has changed to job of the event organiser who needs to think of more in novative ways that the company can use to introduce their product. A leaflet handout at the exhibition is no longer sufficient, people want to be amused, entertained, really involved in the product (Furness V., 2007). Because of this, the industry is moving away from major events in favour of smaller, more intimate events where companies can really interact with potential clients (Biba E, 2007). Another aspect companies are putting under the microscope is how to measure ROI generated from social networking and e-marketing. Indeed, if an event is posted on Facebook, LinkedIn, various industry blogs and online magazines this all takes resources in terms of man-hours put into promoting the event on these new channels but how can a company measure that this was efficient? How can the event planner know that the Facebook invitation attracted the client and not some Email they receive every year which pushed them to look for a Facebook event? (Terrero R, 2009). Today, there is little way of knowing exactly what path a client took and what really convinced them to attend your particular event. Social Indeed, the main goals of events and exhibitions are brand awareness, brand preference and networking. Although brand awareness can be achieved through various communication mediums (advertising online, billboards, TV, etc.), it is not the way to create brand preference. Brand preference is achieved through interaction, experience of the brand with the client (Kovaleski D, 2009) and leads to better ROI for the company. This means that exhibition halls and event organisers are not expected to provide a massive attendance so much as a good promotional space and real, targeted potential buyers (Biba E, 2007). From the buyers perspective, they want to experience and know the brand as a whole. With globalisation came increased competition and consumers now have the possibility to buy from anyone anywhere around the world. The quality and price are no longer the only issues, people and therefore companies look at the triple bottom line. Its no longer just about economics but also the socia l and environmental benefits of a product or company. Clients dont want a coupon or a price comparison when they come to a product launch, they want to feel and experience the product for themselves (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009 and Furness V., 2007). There needs to be a real interaction between companies and clients. Companies want to build a rapport with their clients, want to become part of their lives. This has forced exhibition halls and event managers to re-think space use and create sections that are dedicated to sitting down in a relaxing atmosphere with a drink to discuss business more casually. The bottom line is still to get the client but the approach is much friendlier then boxed up in a meeting room (Kovaleski D, 2009). This also has an impact on stand design. Exhibitors are encouraged to pay more attention to details such as carpet colour as it has been shown that if the carpet colour of the stand is different from that of the exhibition hall, it may create a barrier and deter clients from approaching (Kovaleski D, 2009). Technology With the development of various technologies, companies have the opportunity to have a virtual event run along-side of the live event. This allows them more time to prepare the client for the interaction and pursue the relationship after the event (Furness V., 2007 and Kovaleski D, 2009). This phenomenon of virtual event is not only to accompany live events, there are now events using only virtual platforms, simulating a physical event on the online world. Platforms such as Second Life are being used by companies to reach potential clients without having to create an event in one physical place. This has the advantage, if not necessarily of price reduction, but to be able to reach clients who may not be prepared to travel to meet you. You can meet them where they are all at once (Biba E, 2008). Using 3D technologies, your virtual exhibition can be as simple as visitors being able to look around at the different stands and as complex as re-creating the event in a completely online wor ld (web chatter, 2010). This is not to say that virtual events will completely replace live events because, as we have seen, people still want to interact and know who they are dealing with but it certainly does replace certain live events already (Biba E, 2007). Another important aspect of the new technologies that the exhibition and event industry should be aware of is the democratization of the internet. This means two things. First, even small firms can bring competition to the large, well-established event organizers if they have good SEO (search engine optimization) and general web-marketing skills as they have equal visibility (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009). Second, through UGC (user generated content) anyone can post their feedback about their experience with a certain organizer and make it available to the world (Papathanassis A, Buhalis D, 2007). This is good news for companies who have good relations with their clients and suppliers but will be difficult for companies who were focusing on one-shot clients and therefore not paying much attention to details. The final aspect of technology refers to the traditional definition of technology, ie: the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry (Oxford Compact dictionary). Here we are referring to how to build ecologically friendly stands? What technologies can we use to handle the new products that now need to be used in order to create a green stand? Environmental We are now obviously diverging to the environmental issues around the exhibition and event industry. Indeed, it is becoming increasingly important for companies to be perceived as environmentally aware (Biba E, 2008). This presents a good opportunity in term of cost reductions as decisions such as travelling less can be explained as an environmentally gesture rather then cost-cutting in a bad economy (Events Managers, 2010). However, it presents a challenge for events and exhibition companies who now need to develop green stands made with ecologically friendly materials and production techniques and purchased from local suppliers to avoid pollution from transport (Biba E, 2008). Another aspect the exhibition and event industry will need to look at closely is the impact that global warming will have on their choice of venue and the viability of these choices with respect to client attendance and attractiveness (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009). Indeed, sunny destinations which are very pleasant to hold events at may be changed for the worse in the next 30-50 years while new destinations will establish themselves as more favourable climate-wise. Legal The final point we will view is the legal aspects that the industry needs to pay attention to. The policies regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the liberalisation of trade have lead way to many legal documents and laws by countries around the world which need to be followed by event and exhibition organisers and by venues to make sure they are acting within the limits and scope of the law. However, an important legal issue is the terms and conditions put forward by events and exhibition planners and venues. First, with regards to particular cancellation fees, they need to protect themselves without being outrageously unfair to the potential client which is looking at cancellation fees and possibilities more closely since the crisis. Second, with respect to the inflexibility of minimum numbers, if venues hope to attract client, they need to consider the advantage of having one definite client with a contract who may not bring exactly 1000 participants versus one potential client who is still shopping around and may never sign (Event Manager, 2010). From this PESTEL analysis, we can draw several conclusions for GL events next step. First, it is clear that the new technologies, though they will not fully replace live events, are certainly complementing them and they are here to stay. GL events could take advantage of this by creating a network with all its venues. When one event is organised in Nice for example, they could offer the possibility of extending it via 3D conferencing tools to other of their venues around the world. This would increase the potential number of attendees who would not have to sit in front of a computer to enjoy the virtual event but would benefit also from meeting with others who are also in their geographical areas and enjoying the event virtually. People in China could enjoy the conference of the event taking place in Nice and have the opportunity to network with other people afterwards via video-conferencing and face-to-face with people who were also unable to attend the meeting. A second opportunity GL events could take advantage of is the growing importance of the perception of being environmentally friendly which pushes companies to invest in Green stands. Through their event organising service, GL events should try to develop the competencies to offer this possibility to their clients, if possible at a similar cost, to make sure they are in keeping (and even a little ahead) of their times. In these fast changing times, the opportunities are still up for grabs but will soon become threats if venues and organisers do not react quickly.

Kaleidoscope Essay -- Descriptive Essays

Kaleidoscope â€Å"Some are transformed just once / And live their whole lives after in that shape. / Others have a facility for changing themselves as they please.† -Ovid It finds its way into my hands—the small kaleidoscope—a trinket my grandfather passes along to me after finding it at the bottom of his toolbox one afternoon. â€Å"Hold it up to the light, Lauren,† he advises me, upon witnessing my attempts to unlock the kaleidoscope’s magic by aiming it towards the shadowy pavement. With hands clasped, eyes squinted, and head cocked, I finally spot the colored chips, a glittering lattice of blue, green, and yellow, stagnantly arranged and defined. â€Å"Turn it, now,† my grandfather orders, smiling. Suddenly, the clear composition unravels. It becomes a moving color war, triangles and rectangles interacting, skirting around one another to form patterns that linger only fleetingly before changing again. I gasp, intrigued. â€Å"That’s the beautiful part,† my grandfather observes. â€Å"It’s beautiful when it’s turning.† The challenge of cleaning out my desk drawers in preparation for the move to New York results in my stumbling across an old coloring book. I leaf through the pages, startled by the number of pictures I’d left only partially colored. With quick, shaky movements, it seems as if I had simply jumped from shading one image to the next, as if there were something complete about leaving the figures incomplete. Sitting at my desk, fourteen years older, I laugh at my rendition of Big Bird, whose characteristically yellow feathers I had made blue and whose feet (I suppose I had decided) were altogether undeserving of color. And yet I get a sense that thi... ... of wholeness, but the acceptance that I’ll always be a work-in-progress that creates the satisfying illusion of completeness. Although ignorant of his own words, my grandfather has gotten it right: It is beautiful when it’s turning. We, as human beings, are not able to ossify what we perceive to be our â€Å"identity†; it will be forever changing—a kind of surreal, confounding, and complex reflection of our human experience. We possess innumerable facets, like little tubes of color that remain separate until some creative force removes all the caps and mixes them together. It is that mà ©lange that initiates a masterpiece of identity—a masterpiece that is ever changing and never quite finished, but fulfilling in its progression. And it is precisely this understanding that makes the next stroke of the brush a little bit clearer, the portrait itself a bit more revealing.

Personal Ethics Development Paper

Trevino and Nelson (2007), define ethics as â€Å"the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or organization. † I was influenced the way I determine different actions or behavior in a particular situation since I was a child. Growing up with a single Catholic mother made me value different things and behave in a particular way. In addition, this made me a have a particular ethical system that influences the way I work and act as an individual. At the corporation level, ethics is important because they set the rules and regulations. In this paper, I will explain the developmental aspects of my ethics as well as my ethical system, the effects of my ethics at my workplace, and importance of ethics in an organization to achieve its goals. My ethical system was shaped since I was a child. Growing up with a catholic single mother, definitely influence the way I value the family. Also, some of my decisions are influenced by this catholic background, which I do not genuinely practice but follow to some extent. Other factors that shaped my ethics were my family, school, and personal events. My family always corrected me whenever I did something that they consider wrong, which could be something simple as taking a flower from my neighbor’s garden. My family saw this little example as stealing, but as I child I saw this as taking the flower for my mother. School taught me what was legally wrong or right. I learn that some people simply don’t care too much about the actions and consequences of their actions and act impulsively. When making decisions, my ethical system influences they way I act because tend to be bias by what my mom, my family, school, or personal events taught me. Time has taught me to value the importance of learning form other mistakes and advices. This had leaded me to draw conclusions from specific examples. For example, when considering any issue, I usually use inductive reasoning and go from the very specific problem to the general conclusion. At the workplace, my ethical system influences the way I behave and perform in a positive and negative way. Based on the nature of the work, my ethical system at the workplace tends to be a combination of duty-based and goal-based. Duty-based is an â€Å"a moral obligation or commitment to act in a certain manner. For example, I work for the United States Postal Service and I am commitment to my work, which includes several tasks determined by the Postal Service rules and regulations. If I fail with one of this laws or rules I could be on probation or lose my job. Therefore, it is important that I obey those rules. In addition, all this tends to be influenced by the actual goal of the company and my personal goal. The company goal is to complete my assigned tasks in a timely manner, which is to deliver the mail. My personal goal is to produce money to sustain my family and pay my expenses. This personal goal drives me to be ethical and the do the right thing at my workplace because I do not want to put in jeopardy my job. This puts into play my personal family values. Therefore, my ethical system could be considered individualistic and very very competitive, which could impact my workplace in a negative way. On the other hand, this could turn out to be very positive because I am very reliable and undependable at work. Business ethics (2009) is defined as â€Å"moral principles defining how businesses and business professionals should act towards each other, employees, and the public. In other words, ethics are needed in an organization because they determine the company norms and principles for its employees and customers. To determine the company ethics its important because based on this, the company will be perceived nationally or internationally. Business ethics play such as important role today that the government forces companies to pay attention to corporate re sponsibility and business ethics. This norms, rules, and regulations also play an important role to achieve the company goals and direction. The effects of the application of these ethics influence consumers, employers, other businesses, and the society in a positive way. In order words, not only this company teaches other companies what is the right thing to do, but it also acts as an example for individuals who work there or purchase their items or services. In conclusion, ethics are rules, norms or regulations that influence the way people or corporation act. These influences could be either positive or negative and there is shape early in our lives or at the early stages of a corporation. In this paper, I explained that my personal ethics were shaped since I was a child. My ethics and values have changed based on personal events, religion, and family values. My ethical system influences the way I perform my job to achieve my personal goals. Based on these factors, ethics play an important role in corporations because companies are run by individuals who have their own ethical systems. In addition, ethics determine who the company is and how it is perceived in the society. Personal Ethics Development Paper Trevino and Nelson (2007), define ethics as â€Å"the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or organization. † I was influenced the way I determine different actions or behavior in a particular situation since I was a child. Growing up with a single Catholic mother made me value different things and behave in a particular way. In addition, this made me a have a particular ethical system that influences the way I work and act as an individual. At the corporation level, ethics is important because they set the rules and regulations. In this paper, I will explain the developmental aspects of my ethics as well as my ethical system, the effects of my ethics at my workplace, and importance of ethics in an organization to achieve its goals. My ethical system was shaped since I was a child. Growing up with a catholic single mother, definitely influence the way I value the family. Also, some of my decisions are influenced by this catholic background, which I do not genuinely practice but follow to some extent. Other factors that shaped my ethics were my family, school, and personal events. My family always corrected me whenever I did something that they consider wrong, which could be something simple as taking a flower from my neighbor’s garden. My family saw this little example as stealing, but as I child I saw this as taking the flower for my mother. School taught me what was legally wrong or right. I learn that some people simply don’t care too much about the actions and consequences of their actions and act impulsively. When making decisions, my ethical system influences they way I act because tend to be bias by what my mom, my family, school, or personal events taught me. Time has taught me to value the importance of learning form other mistakes and advices. This had leaded me to draw conclusions from specific examples. For example, when considering any issue, I usually use inductive reasoning and go from the very specific problem to the general conclusion. At the workplace, my ethical system influences the way I behave and perform in a positive and negative way. Based on the nature of the work, my ethical system at the workplace tends to be a combination of duty-based and goal-based. Duty-based is an â€Å"a moral obligation or commitment to act in a certain manner. For example, I work for the United States Postal Service and I am commitment to my work, which includes several tasks determined by the Postal Service rules and regulations. If I fail with one of this laws or rules I could be on probation or lose my job. Therefore, it is important that I obey those rules. In addition, all this tends to be influenced by the actual goal of the company and my personal goal. The company goal is to complete my assigned tasks in a timely manner, which is to deliver the mail. My personal goal is to produce money to sustain my family and pay my expenses. This personal goal drives me to be ethical and the do the right thing at my workplace because I do not want to put in jeopardy my job. This puts into play my personal family values. Therefore, my ethical system could be considered individualistic and very very competitive, which could impact my workplace in a negative way. On the other hand, this could turn out to be very positive because I am very reliable and undependable at work. Business ethics (2009) is defined as â€Å"moral principles defining how businesses and business professionals should act towards each other, employees, and the public. In other words, ethics are needed in an organization because they determine the company norms and principles for its employees and customers. To determine the company ethics its important because based on this, the company will be perceived nationally or internationally. Business ethics play such as important role today that the government forces companies to pay attention to corporate re sponsibility and business ethics. This norms, rules, and regulations also play an important role to achieve the company goals and direction. The effects of the application of these ethics influence consumers, employers, other businesses, and the society in a positive way. In order words, not only this company teaches other companies what is the right thing to do, but it also acts as an example for individuals who work there or purchase their items or services. In conclusion, ethics are rules, norms or regulations that influence the way people or corporation act. These influences could be either positive or negative and there is shape early in our lives or at the early stages of a corporation. In this paper, I explained that my personal ethics were shaped since I was a child. My ethics and values have changed based on personal events, religion, and family values. My ethical system influences the way I perform my job to achieve my personal goals. Based on these factors, ethics play an important role in corporations because companies are run by individuals who have their own ethical systems. In addition, ethics determine who the company is and how it is perceived in the society.

Future Plans Essay

Audra Metzler Future Plans After graduating from high school, I plan to attend a four year university followed by a four year graduate school and major in Adolescent Psychology. With this major I hope to eventually obtain a p. h. D. in the field. I intend on opening my own psychological practice after all of my schooling is completed. My secondary career choice is a registered dietician in which I would major in dietetics. I want to be an Adolescent Psychologist for several reasons. I love helping people and trying to find solutions for problems. I’m also intrigued in how people think and why the brain works the way it does. By becoming a psychologist I feel it will be fulfilling to know I am changing people’s lives for the better. I have taken multiple reading and writing classes in my past curriculum and am signed up to take both psychology and sociology next year. However, if that plan doesn’t fall into place my backup career will be a registered dietician. I will major in either dietetics or nutrition. By becoming a dietician, I would help people overcome health issues as well as institute proper nutrition that they can carry with them for the rest of their lives. I am interested in how foods can affect the human body, and I have taken several science courses throughout high school. If I happen to encounter difficulties along my career path, I will not give up. Challenges along the way are expected, and looked at as a way to only grow stronger. For example, if money problems arise I will take out a loan that I can later pay back. I also have family and friends that support my decisions and would be there for me if I ever needed assistance. I feel that I am well equipped to achieve my dreams because of my positive attitude, determination, and will-power. By following through with these plans I will have a successful, enjoyable life that will be rewarding in the long run.

Exploring the missing links of accounting parlance in Iraq Essay Example

Exploring the missing links of accounting parlance in Iraq Essay Example Exploring the missing links of accounting parlance in Iraq Essay Exploring the missing links of accounting parlance in Iraq Essay Iraq has the common name, the Cradle of Civilization , as it was home to the earliest known civilizationon Earth, the Sumerian civilisation, which arose in the fertileTigris-Euphrates river valleyA of southern Iraq. Notwithstanding the fact that it has a rich history roots, Iraq since the invasion in 2003 by states of United States of America and Great Britain, has been regarded as a Cradle for Oil and Anti-Terrorism wars. Because of the unsolved feuds between states, Economic and Business activities have been inert, and accounting pattern is as if has been pine awaying. Few have been written to supplement Accounting in Iraq. With this respect, this research will seek to link the losing links of accounting idiom in Iraq and turn out the dynamism of Accounting, which no affair how Iraq s environment is an unhealthy land neither for Business minutess nor for residence because of the war eruption. Still, Accounting is adoptive in nature that can run under Iraq s state of affairs. With the proposed rubric of the research ; Iraq: Brick by Brick the survey provides a wider skyline for Iraqi Accounting System and Tax Regulations. This research will supply compiled supplement stuffs of the Historical histories of the development of accounting is Iraq, Accounting modulating organic structure and their Commissariats, Accounting system of Book maintaining and revenue enhancement ordinances being Implemented. Besides, this research will supply possible solutions and subscribers in reforming accounting system in Iraq in conformity with its national Reconstruction . Irak: Brick by Brick Iraq is rich in history, civilization and people. The land that now encompasses modern Iraq is known as the Cradle of Civilization. Around 4000 BC the antediluvian Sumerian civilization flourished here, arising land cultivation, irrigation, urban society and the first written alphabet. Known in ancient times as Mesopotamia, the land of Iraq figures conspicuously in the Bible, This is where the garden of Eden is depicted, where the tower of Babel was constructed, where Abram was foremost called by God to go forth place and family, and where the Hebrews were exiled following the devastation of the temple by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. Traversed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Iraq is largely desert, with mountains in the northern parts and fertile fields in the far south. It is surrounded by Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the South, Jordan to the West, Syria and Turkey to the North and Iran to the E. A narrow strip in the far south boundary lines on the Persian Gulf. Iraq is known for its oil, holding the 2nd largest militias in the universe. Grosss from oil gross revenues in the 1970s and 1980s enabled the state to do great paces in instruction, wellness attention and basic substructure. Till 1990, Iraq was known as one of the most extremely developed states in the Middle East. Some 22 million people call Iraq place. Seventy-five per centum or more are Arabs, 15-20 per centum is Kurdish and the balance are Turkoman, Assyrian, or another cultural group. The huge bulk 97 per centum is Muslim, and the staying three per centum is Christian. Cradle for First Accounting Practice Accounting was born before composing or Numberss existed, some 10,000 old ages ago, in the country known as Mesopotamia, subsequently Persia, and today the states of Iran and Iraq. This country contains the Tigris Euphrates river vale, a big fertile country 10,000 old ages ago with a big booming population and active trading between towns and metropoliss up and down the two rivers.A Writing and Numberss would be non being invented for about another 5,000 old ages. At that clip, merchandisers faced many of the same jobs concerns face today. They had to transport their ware up and down the rivers, and that meant swearing a boater with their goods. Unfortunately, non all boaters were honest, and dissensions frequently arose about how much was shipped versus what was received at the other end.A To cover with the job, merchandisers came up with an clever program. They made little clay items, in assorted forms and with assorted markers, to bespeak different merchandises. One would intend a basket of grain ; another would intend a pot of oil, etc. They had over 200 such items to bespeak a big assortment of common goods, including nutrient, leather, vesture, utensils, tools, jewelry, etc.A Before transporting their goods, a merchandiser would take one item for each point in the cargo, and incase the items in a ball of clay, called a bollae intending ball. The ball would be dried in the Sun, given to the boater, and so broken by the purchaser on the other terminal of the dealing. The purchaser would fit the items with the points in the cargo, to verify that everything sent was accounted for.A This is the map ofA protection of assets, and is a major map of all modern accounting systems. It was of import 10,000 old ages ago and is merely as of import now. Today we see merchandisers making the same thing as their opposite numbers 10 millenary ago today they get a measure of ladling a listing of the ware entrusted to a shipper.A The system of utilizing bollae continued for about 5,000 old ages, all before the innovation of composing or Numberss. One twenty-four hours, likely by accident, a wet clay bollae was rolled over a loose item, lying on the land. The feeling of the item was left in the wet clay. Merchants began pressing the items on the exterior of the bollae, in add-on to seting the items inside the ball.A Economic System Beehner ( 2007 ) cited in his Article the Economic Status of Iraq ; Iraq s economic system is dominated by theA oilA sector, which has traditionally provided about 95 % of foreign exchange net incomes. In the 1980s fiscal jobs caused by monolithic outgos in theA eight-year warA withA IranA and harm to oil export installations by Iran led the authorities to implementA asceticism steps, borrow to a great extent, and subsequently rescheduleA foreign debtA payments. Iraq suffered economic losingss from the war of at leastA US $ 100A billion. After belligerencies ended in 1988, oil exports bit by bit increased with the building of new grapevines and Restoration of damaged installations. A combination of low oil monetary values, repayment ofA war debtsA which was estimated at aroundA US $ 3 billion a twelvemonth and the costs of Reconstruction resulted in a serious fiscal crisis which was the chief short term motive for theA invasion of Kuwait. On November 20, 2004, theA Paris ClubA of creditor states agreed to compose off ( 80 % ) $ 33 billion of Iraq s $ 42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq s entire external debt was around $ 120 billion at the clip of the 2003 invasion, and had grown by $ 5 billion by 2004. TheA debt reliefA will be implemented in three phases: two of 30 % each and one of 20 % .Bohsem, Guido A ; Somerville, Glen, 1993 ) At the terminal of 2005, and in the first half of 2006, Iraq implemented a restructuring of about $ 20 billion of commercial debt claims on footings comparable to that of its November 2004 Paris Club understanding ( i.e. with an 80 % write-down ) . Iraq offered to its larger claimants a U.S. dollar denominated bond maturing in 2028. Smaller commercial claimants received a hard currency colony of comparable value. Indeed, Iraq had a rich civilisation as it was one of the innovators in the field of Accounting and besides in the development of money. But Through the old ages Iraq experienced events that toiled their once rich civilisation Such as Saddam Hussein s dominance that brought series of wars, find of arms of mass devastation and America s declaration of war against Iraq in chase of its Anti-terrorism run. War after war Iraq was susceptible to instability and temporalties with respects to their administration and accounting pattern is no exclusion from it. Iraqi accounting Administration The Board of Supreme Audit ( BSA ) is the legislative organic structure that is responsible for the issue of accounting criterions and policies in Iraq. The function of the said organic structure is stated in Article 6 ( 1990, the Board of Supreme Audit Law ) : Board of Supreme Audit was enacted and still into force the intents of: Puting the function, responsibilities, and fortes of the Board of supreme Audit and heightening its function to take part in bettering the public presentation of the province s establishments. to enable this Board to procure the auditing demands and its demands of resources, civil equipments, and information whether to state an sentiment about the truth of the fiscal state of affairss and the activity consequences or to measure theA public presentation of executive institutionsA under its reappraisal. To happen administrative and organisational constructions that goes along with the stages of the development of national economic system and gives adequate flexibleness to the Board in be aftering and delegating responsibilities and fortes. A A To procure the needed cardinal supervising to direct commanding tasksA andA developing the bases rules, agencies and ways of execution and measure the consequences In add-on to enablingA the Board to cover all the services and establishments of the province in the governorates with auditing and supervising with the highest degree of competency and efficiency. The Audit Advisory Board ( AAB ) is chiefly responsible for forming and oversing the auditing and accounting profession within the private sector in Iraq, while the board of Supreme Audit ( BSA ) is responsible for the audit governmental entities ( Al-Salman, 2009 ) . The Chairman of Board of Supreme Audit ( BSA ) is the president of Audit Advisory Board ( AAB ) . Accounting Standards Iraqi organisations and Foreign Entities runing in Iraq must utilize the Unified Accounting System ( U.A.S ) for statutory coverage, including audited fiscal statements which needs to run into the demands of the revenue enhancement governments, The Central Bank of Iraq and The Registrar of Companies. Any organisation may utilize any accounting Standards internally or for any other coverage intents. However, describing to Iraqi regulators should follow with U.A.S requirements.BSA being the legislative organic structure responsible for issue of criterions stated in their accounting criterion no. 1 the composing of the Board of Accounting and Auditing Standards along with this are other criterions formulated by the Board: Accounting Standard no. 2 Accounting Treatment about research and Development costs ( 1992 ) Accounting Standard no. 3 Capitalizing Loans disbursal ( 1993 ) Accounting Standard no. 4 Accounting of Change, Effect in Foreign Currency Price ( 1993 ) Accounting Standard no. 5 Accounting on Inventory, Its rating and presentation in Fiscal Statements ( 1995 ) Accounting Standard no. 6 Disclosure of Information that are Related with Fiscal Statements and Accounting Policies ( 1995 ) Accounting Standard no. 7 Cash Flows ( 1996 ) Accounting Standard no. 8 Information Reflecting the effects of altering Monetary values ( 1997 ) Accounting Standard no. 9 Contingencies and Events happening after Balance Sheet day of the month ( 1997 ) Accounting Standard no. 10 Disclosures of fiscal statements in Banks and Similar Institutions ( 1998 ) Accounting Standard no. 11 Agricultural Accounting ( 1998 ) Accounting Standard no. 12 Capital Net income and Loss ( 2000 ) Accounting Standard no. 13 Accounting for revenue enhancements on Incomes ( 2001 ) Accounting Standard no. 14 Accounting for Investments ( 2001 ) Iraqi Accounting Rules Book Keeping and Ledger Maintenance Accounting Practice in Iraq may demo facets that are different from the by and large followed regulations. Disparities in the applied regulations are consequences of Culture dynamism and Behaviour of the Environment. Alnajjar ( 2004 ) laid down these differences in the regulations: Organizations operate in Iraq should maintain their histories and legers in Arabic linguistic communication and Reports issue to the Iraqi regulators has to be in Arabic. These regulations are implied because of the Arabic Dialect that is spoken all throughout Iraq. Organizations can utilize internally any currency to enter their accounting minutess but for the intent of audited fiscal Statements to be presented to the concerned governments needs to be Iraqi Dinars, since it is the official currency of the state. Accounting interventions under U.A.S may transport ambiguity for certain international accounting policies such as the intervention by caput of office bear downing a certain per centum of its operating expense to a contract being executed in Iraq, or the intervention of the Management Expenses incurred by the Head office in trust with the activities of the entity runing in Iraq. Iraqi Tax Regulations One of the major beginnings of Income in Iraq is their Tax. Harmonizing to the Ministry of Finance in Iraq there are 5 revenue enhancement classs that presently being implemented, which are: Corporation Tax, Personal income Tax, Social Security Contributions, Stamp Duty and Custom Duty and VAT/ Gross saless revenue enhancement which is presently non in consequence. Corporation Tax Income earned deemed to be earned in Iraq is capable to revenue enhancement. Corporation Tax is levied at a level rate of 15 % of the nonexempt net income, but for companies runing within the Oil Sector, a measure shall be passed to increase the rate of corporation Tax to 35 % of the nonexempt net income. Taxable net income is the reported net income as per fiscal statements adjusted by certain unallowable disbursals for revenue enhancement intents such as: Commissariats Personal non-business disbursals Dividend income Loss can be carried frontward for five old ages in order to countervail up to 50 % from nonexempt income of the subsequent old ages. Foreign Entities runing in Iraq in the signifier of a Limited Liability company or subdivision shall be treated in the same mode indicated for revenue enhancement intents. Personal Income revenue enhancement and Social Security Contributions Personal Income revenue enhancement rates are 3-15 % based on the single nonexempt income. Taxable income is the income earned by an person after subtracting allowable points such as, personal allowances, kid allowances, every bit good as other deductible freedoms such as nutrient, adjustment, conveyance and hazard allowances. Income revenue enhancement paid abroad on behalf of an exiles employed in Iraq shall be off set against personal income revenue enhancement liability incurred in Iraq. Staff Personal income has to be settled on a monthly footing, as it s the responsibility of the employer to roll up the revenue enhancement from the employees and direct it to the concerned revenue enhancement authorization in this regard, In order to avoid punishments. The employee s societal security part is 5 % of the basic wage, while the employer s part is 12 % . Social Security paid abroad for expatriate forces runing in Iraq may be off set against their liability for societal security as a consequence of their employment in Iraq. Custom and Stamp Duty About all imported stuffs except nutrient and really limited types of stuffs are capable to 5 % reconstructing Iraq fees. In add-on, 1 % export fees imposed on just market value besides the local authorities can enforce extra fees of 1 % to 2 % from the just market value of the imported goods and stuffs, if such goods will be used inside of such district. Stamp Duty may be imposed upon sign language of contracts with governmental entities. The current rate is 0.2 % of the value of the contract, unless the contract itself stipulates that it is exempt from stamp responsibility. Future Plans on Accounting Policies Iraq is non included in the list of states that are utilizing the International Financial Reporting Standards as a footing for the accounting regulations to be implemented. Uniform accounting is going irrelevant and a new accounting attack is needed. The inquiry that needs to be addressed is which accounting system is best suited for usage in new Iraq. International accounting criterions may be considered as a good option. ( Alnajjar, 2004 ) Since 1990 s a series of 14 accounting criterions were announced slackly based on IFRS. But these accounting criterions have fallen behind, one of which is the Standard on research and development costs ( IAS 9 research and development costs ) , an international accounting criterion that no longer exists since it was replaced by IAS 38 Intangible assets. ( Al Bawaba,2010 ) In 2009, the cardinal bank of Iraq pre-announced its purpose of change overing the Fiscal Statements into IFRS. Late last twelvemonth, in audience with the IMF and the World Bank, Iraq has adopted a three-year action program that identified precedence steps in the countries of budget readying, executing and coverage ; hard currency direction ; public procurance ; and the accounting model. Specifically: To better budget readying, Iraq will clearly specify precedences, set ceilings in the budget handbill for current and investing disbursement in line with a sustainable medium-term budget scheme, and develop overall sector schemes To beef up coverage and hard currency direction, Iraq will necessitate passing units to subject studies on all disbursement including investing, progresss, and letters of recognition no subsequently than two months after the terminal of each month, and to accommodate these sums with the hard currency balances at the beginning and terminal of the coverage period. Cash releases will be approved merely after the Ministry of Finance has reviewed the study from three months before. This will cut down the idle balances in passing units histories to the lower limit required to guarantee the continuity of authorities operations. Furthermore, by end-March 2010 Iraq will reexamine all histories in the banking system that are classified as cardinal authorities histories and accommodate them with Treasury records, and will return any idle balances received from the budget to the cardinal Treasury. With respect to progresss, Iraq will reexamine the outstanding stock of progresss to place those that are recoverable and put a clip agenda for their recovery and for composing off unrecoverable progresss based on appropriate mandate at a high degree. Iraq will fix a elaborate study to document the consequences of the reappraisal. The footing on which debts have been classified as recoverable or unrecoverable, and actions taken to retrieve dubious sums before urging that they are written-off will be clearly specified. To beef up internal audit and control systems, Iraq will re-examine its internal policies and processs at the Ministry of Finance, every bit good as the accounting systems, procedures and internal controls used by the accounting section ; and reexamine the internal controls of the largest passing units runing systems. To beef up the quality of its investing docket and speed up the Reconstruction of Iraq s substructure, Iraq will inquire the Board Supreme Audit ( BSA ) to reexamine the largest investing undertakings financed with 2008 budget allotments. This audit study will measure the standards for O.K.ing capital investing undertakings: whether a cost benefit analysis was carried out ; the procurance procedure: whether it conformed to international criterions of transparence and fight ; and the undertaking direction procedure: whether the undertakings were delivered on clip and within budget. The study will supply recommendations that could be used in the undermentioned budgeting procedure to heighten the docket on public investing. Iraq will besides set about an appraisal of the functionality of the Iraq Financial Management Information System ( IFMIS ) developed with the aid of USAID, and do the alterations required to guarantee that this system is to the full operational ( with the inclusion of a committedness control system and the ability to bring forth regular comprehensive studies in line with best patterns ) in 2011. Iraq will go on to subject to the BSA and to the Council of Representatives the concluding histories for each financial twelvemonth no subsequently than September 30 of the undermentioned twelvemonth. The BSA has already completed the audit of the concluding histories of the federal budget for 2005-06, and it is reexamining the 2007 and 2008 histories. To avoid the obstructions Iraq has encountered last twelvemonth in informations aggregation for the nose count of public service employees, Iraq has narrowed the coverage to include all cardinal authorities employees that work outside of security related countries. Iraq will do all attempts to hold the nose count completed by September 30, 2010. After completion of the nose count, Iraq will travel fleetly to extinguish shade workers and follow an action program aimed at developing a computerized human resource database and a computerized paysheet system, as a first measure toward comprehensive civil service reform. In analogue, the BSA has begun a undertaking to verify the forces records in the line ministries in order to clean up the bing paysheet. Tax Reforms Iraq has made some advancement in developing a medium-term revenue enhancement reform scheme with the aim of streamlining the revenue enhancement system, broadening and diversifying the revenue enhancement base, and increasing gross aggregation. As a first measure, in 2008 Iraq has introduced a nomadic phone revenue enhancement. Looking in front, Iraq plans to present a gross revenues revenue enhancement in the coming old ages as a precursor for a value-added revenue enhancement, and is besides sing cut downing the figure of income revenue enhancement brackets. Iraq has will seek proficient aid from the IMF and other international spouses to back up its revenue enhancement reform attempts. Iraq will press the Council of Representatives to follow the new imposts jurisprudence that will set up a transparent and efficient duty system with fewer freedoms. Decision Iraq being a 3rd universe state and an Arab state makes their accounting pattern really particular and different from other states patterns. But from the research, Iraq s status did non straight affect the accounting pattern and alternatively proved the dynamism of Accounting as it was able to accommodate to Iraq s state of affairs amidst the nuisance that was caused by the series of wars and of oppressive leading. Besides, although accounting in Iraq is chiefly used for revenue enhancement ordinance, Iraqi Accounting Standards and policies need to be refurbished because they have already fallen behind other 3rd universe states in an Arab State. They should change over their criterions in conformance with IFRS to take their opportunities on Globalization and resuscitate their Civilization. This is peculiarly of import in the fiscal services sector. The internationalisation of accounting criterions has been driven by the globalisation of capital markets. There were major additions in cross-border capital flows over the past few decennaries. This means that investable capital can travel more rapidly and expeditiously to the most attractive investing chances worldwide. Increasingly, planetary investors are rousing to Iraq s investing potency. But barriers exist to using capital. Percepts about security remain a job. Modernization of the fiscal substructure needs to go on. Laws and ordinances need farther updating. And Iraq needs eloquence in international criterions for fiscal coverage. A A A

Hypermiling (Saving Lots of Fuel) in a Hybrid

Hypermiling (Saving Lots of Fuel) in a Hybrid Hypermiling is an endless pursuitthe quest for improved fuel economy, ratcheted up a couple of notches to near fanaticism. Those who practice it are called hypermilers, a dedicated group of guys and gals who routinely push the limits of maximum fuel efficiency. It got its name from the likes of Wayne Gerdes, one of the original devotees of hypermiling, and often proclaimed the inventor of the term. Hypermiling more or less got its start with hybrids, but its not limited to them. Here, well focus on hypermiling with a hybrid vehicle. Some of the techniques can only be done with a hybrid, or, at least they make it much easier and saferthough some hardcore hypermilers perform ALL of these techniques in regular cars. We dont recommend that, but really, a lot of it is just plain common sense that can be applied to just about any vehicle and/or driver. So what are these techniques and tools that are employed so passionately by their devotees? Read on for an explanation of these FE (thats hypermileresque for Fuel Economy) tricks. Pulse and Glide (PG) This is the heart of effective hypermiling for full hybrid vehicles. Though it takes some getting used to, and its really only appropriate for light suburban and town traffic, large FE gains can be had using it. Our first successful PG was in a Nissan Altima Hybrid. This car is equipped with Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive (Nissan licensed it from Toyota), but our car was lacking an energy flow monitor, so we had to rely on the EV mode display and the Kilowatt (kW) meter to execute the task properly. To initiate a PG, accelerate to about 40 MPH with the engine running (the pulse part), then ease off the pedal until the hybrid system goes into EV (electric vehicle) mode and the kW meter shows zero (or if equipped with the energy flow monitor, no arrows are showing energy flow). This is the glide part. The engine is off, the electric motor is disengaged and the vehicle is literally coasting for free. When the car slows to about twenty-five or thirty MPH (depending on traffic conditions, of course) repeat the pulse part, then the glide and so on. If properly applied, this trick uses the engine only to accelerate, and it never has the chance to idle along, wasting fuel while providing no return. Forced Auto Stop (FAS) Forced Auto Stop is similar to PG without the objective of re-accelerating. In a hybrid, it is usually a matter of lifting the accelerator below a speed of approximately 40 MPH and letting the engine shut-off. This allows the car to coast to a slower speed, or come to a complete stop without the engine running. However, many conditions can affect FAS (adequate battery state of charge, hybrid system temperature, engagement of AC compressor, cabin heat, etc.) and are not always so simple. Depending upon the hardware and software controls of the hybrid system, there are ways to fool the system into FAS. Unfortunately, they are many and varied, and beyond the scope of this article. Draft Assisted Forced Auto Stop (D-FAS) This technique involves riding in the wake of a large trailer truck at highway speeds (in FAS). Its not safe, DONT DO IT. We only mention it here because it is part of some hypermilers arsenal of tricks. Driving Without Brakes (DWB) More hypermilers tongue-in-cheek terminology. We like to think of this as driving with minimal brakes, but it must be done with a good dose of common senseits really not a good idea to take a 25 MPH curve at 50 trying to save gas. The main idea here is to not use the brakes to scrub off speed that has been achieved with energy (gasoline) spent. Anticipation is the keyword. Look far down the road to anticipate traffic stoppages, sharp curves, and signal changes and begin to decelerate or coast beforehand. The benefit is three-fold: Not only does DWB increase brake life, it reduces the number of times the vehicle must be started from a dead-stop (overcoming the inertia of a stationary vehicle consumes an enormous amount of energy), and, with a hybrid, the coasting action (regenerative braking) helps charge the battery. Ridge Riding This is the practice of driving very close to the outside edge of the road in order to keep the vehicles tires out of the slight depressions (ruts) worn into the road surface by the constant pounding of daily traffic. For most purposes, this technique is really only effective on wet roadways. Staying out of the ruts, which are filled with a thin layer of water, reduces drag on the tires and increases efficiency. An additional benefit is improved safety by preventing the tires from hydroplaning (riding on top of the water) and loss of vehicle control. Face out Potential Parking This is just plain common sense with a little bit of exercise, to boot. Search out open spaces in parking lots to eliminate the wasteful movement of backing out of a slot. Go one better by locating a spot that is on a bit of a slope, and then use gravity to help get the vehicle moving from a standstill. Sound silly? Multiply those effects over hundreds of park jobs in a year; it really does add up. Fuel Consumption Display (FCD) This is the gauge on the instrument panel of hybrids and many non-hybrids as well. Dedicated hypermilers call this the game gauge, and in many ways, thats just what it is. This device continuously calculates a vehicles average fuel consumption expressed in MPG (or, in metric mode, kilometers/liter) and displays it to the driver who can then make a fantastic game of making the average FE go ever upwards. Instant Fuel Consumption Display (IFCD) The instant fuel consumption display is very similar to the FCD, except that it displays fuel usage, just as the name impliesinstantlyas it is used. The display changes moment by moment in response to sundry dynamic physical conditions: throttle off, light acceleration, heavy load, hard acceleration, coasting and cruising. This gauge, more than any other on a vehicle, hammers home the relationship between fuel economy and driving habits. Keeping the instant fuel consumption display relatively constant and even, with a high reading, will probably net more consistent (and easily attainable) FE than any trick or gadget outlined in this entire article.

Definition and Properties of Metallic Bonding

Definition and Properties of Metallic Bonding A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond formed between positively charged atoms in which the free electrons are shared among a lattice of cations. In contrast, covalent and ionic bonds form between two discrete atoms. Metallic bonding is the main type of chemical bond that forms between metal atoms. MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images Metallic bonds are seen in pure metals and alloys and some metalloids. For example, graphene (an allotrope of carbon) exhibits two-dimensional metallic bonding. Metals, even pure ones, can form other types of chemical bonds between their atoms. For example, the mercurous ion (Hg22) can form metal-metal covalent bonds. Pure gallium forms covalent bonds between pairs of atoms that are linked by metallic bonds to surrounding pairs. How Metallic Bonds Work The outer energy levels of metal atoms (the s and p orbitals) overlap. At least one of the valence electrons participating in a metallic bond is not shared with a neighbor atom, nor is it lost to form an ion. Instead, the electrons form what may be termed an electron sea in which valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another. The electron sea model is an oversimplification of metallic bonding. Calculations based on electronic band structure or density functions are more accurate. Metallic bonding may be seen as a consequence of a material having many more delocalized energy states than it has delocalized electrons (electron deficiency), so localized unpaired electrons may become delocalized and mobile. The electrons can change energy states and move throughout a lattice in any direction. Bonding can also take the form of metallic cluster formation, in which delocalized electrons flow around localized cores. Bond formation depends heavily on conditions. For example, hydrogen is a metal under high pressure. As pressure is reduced, bonding changes from metallic to nonpolar covalent. Relating Metallic Bonds to Metallic Properties Because electrons are delocalized around positively-charged nuclei, metallic bonding explains many properties of metals. ImageGap / Getty Images Electrical Conductivity - Most metals are excellent electrical conductors because the electrons in the electron sea are free to move and carry charge. Conductive nonmetals (e.g., graphite), molten ionic compounds, and aqueous ionic compounds conduct electricity for the same reason - electrons are free to move around. Thermal Conductivity - Metals conduct heat because the free electrons are able to transfer energy away from the heat source and also because vibrations of atoms (phonons) move through a solid metal as a wave. Ductility - Metals tend to be ductile or able to be drawn into thin wires because local bonds between atoms can be easily broken and also reformed. Single atoms or entire sheets of them can slide past each other and reform bonds. Malleability - Metals are often malleable or capable of being molded or pounded into a shape, again because bonds between atoms readily break and reform.  The binding force between metals is nondirectional, so drawing or shaping a metal is less likely to fracture it. Electrons in a crystal may be replaced by others. Further, because the electrons are free to move away from each other, working a metal doesnt force together like-charge ions, which could fracture a crystal through the strong repulsion. Metallic Luster - Metals tend to be shiny or display metallic luster. They are opaque once a certain minimum thickness is achieved. The electron sea reflects photons off the smooth surface. There is an upper frequency limit to the light that can be reflected. The strong attraction between atoms in metallic bonds makes metals strong and gives them high density, high melting point, high boiling point, and low volatility. There are exceptions. For example, mercury is a liquid under ordinary conditions and has a high vapor pressure. In fact, all of the metals in the zinc group (Zn, Cd, Hg) are relatively volatile. How Strong Are Metallic Bonds? Because the strength of a bond depends on its participant atoms, its difficult to rank types of chemical bonds. Covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds may all be strong chemical bonds. Even in molten metal, bonding can be strong. Gallium, for example, is nonvolatile and has a high boiling point  even though it has a low melting point. If the conditions are right, metallic bonding doesnt even require a lattice. It has been observed in glasses, which have an amorphous structure.

Managing in a Mixed Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing in a Mixed Economy - Essay Example the community being looked at may call for at a certain point in their life such as services of the police, education in school and situations that need emergency services. Fundamentally, the government’s delivery of services revolves around the public goods provision. This is done through the creation of a framework of legal services that stipulates the ownership rules as regards the operation of market and property. For instance, property rights enforcement, putting power abuses to checks as well as the rule of law upholding. That is a framework which works as an umbrella of task and obligations of court, the police as well as the overall corrective services in the process of ensuring law and order. Besides the public goods provision, any given government of a country has to ensure more equitable way of services consumption. These are especially those ones considered by government to end up impacting the public good. Another perspective of ensuring equitable ways of consumption of services is that where spillovers are of public wellbeing such as health services, housing, education, and community and ambulance services. (pc.gov.au, 2009) This is the study which has its focus upon the part played by the government of U.K in public service provision and delivery. To this issue’s focus, the question to be answered by this study will be,† How does the government attempt to manage the performance of public services, and what issues are raised?’’ Examples to support the answer given to this question will also be provided. The approach will try and make the most understandable and comprehensive observation of this in U.K’s perspective. The UK government of 2001 was a reelected government for another term upon a manifesto that said, â€Å"Renewal of public services† (76) It was heard to want to request to be given a third term in office courtesy of its ability to enhance service delivery at a higher level. This is with particular concerns to education,

Marketing project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing project - Essay Example Netherlands has a population of 16,652,800 people and about 15,500,000 bicycles (Shahan, 2014). This translates to about 1.11 bicycles per Dutch. Research also shows that about 27% of all trips are made by bicycle. On average, each Dutch covers about 2.5 km per day on a bicycle. However, since safety is paramount, we intend to introduce state-of-the-art bright bicycle lights, which would be placed on the front of the bicycle to enhance vision and red lights at the back. At the backdrop of the continued growth of bicycle use in the Netherlands, we have decided to take advantage of the high demand for bicycle lights in the country by entering into the market. Although there are a variety of entry methods that ‘A company can use to enter the Dutch market, we have opted to use joint venture as the best entry method, considering the Dutch legal requirements and the advantages of joint venture. The company has already identified a company with which to form a joint venture in Netherlands. The company is called Royal Dutch Gazelle, which is the leading bicycle manufacturer in Netherlands today. We chose to form a joint venture with Royal Dutch Gazelle because of a variety of reasons. Firstly, Royal Dutch Gazelle is a well-established brand in Netherlands and , therefore, forming a joint venture with it will enable our bicycle lights receive a warm reception among the Dutch. Secondly, a joint venture with the Dutch company will help the company share the risk of entry (Brady, 2010). Company A will also benefit from the joint venture with Royal Dutch Gazelle because it will result in sharing of knowledge and expertise, thereby helping in the development of the company in Netherlands. Additionally, because of the strict Dutch laws regarding the entry of foreign companies, it became appropriate that we form a joint venture with a Dutch company to enable the company A

PART 4 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PART 4 - Term Paper Example Communicating issues regarding breach of information effectively will ensure plans of action are put into place for mitigation purposes. This also involves offering training to employees so that they can acquaint themselves with issues and consequences of breach of confidentiality in regard to patients’ personal and medical information (Roach, 2006). Secondly, breach of patients’ medical information can be avoided through encrypting all records, files, and documents pertaining to patients’ information. Information stored on the hospital’s database should be kept in form of an encrypted file such that unauthorized individuals are not able to access private information (Roach, 2006). In addition, hospitals can establish plans of action that mandates only certain appointed individuals to handle patients’ records, files, and any other documents associated with the patients. The management and other individuals in management positions can be involved in conducting regular research aimed at identifying current methods of breach of information. Due to the ever advancing and complicated technology, hackers are always coming up with new ways of accessing other people’s information illegally. Comprehend these novel methods will enable the management to prepare for any eventualities. Singer & Viens (2008) asserts that breach of patients’ medical information can also be avoided through ensuring that medical practitioners do not store medical information on their personal computers and other electronic gadgets and is not relayed to the patient in a manner that elevates the risk of the information falling into wrong hands. Some of these solutions have already been implemented in health care organizations. According to McWay (2013), â€Å"Participating on social media platforms is among the more recent activities engaged in by health care providers. As a threshold issue, providers should weigh the benefits and costs of communi cating with the patients through social media and proceed only if the benefits outweigh the costs† (36). These solutions have been working in many health organizations. Communication ensures employees acquire skills and knowledge that guides them in their daily activities. In doing so, they are able to avoid instances where information regarding patients’ health records falls to third parties. This kind of solution ensures that all employees are involved. In comparison, use of encryptions only involves a few individuals with the authority to access patients’ health records. Therefore, avoiding breach of patients’ information in an environment where all files and documents are encrypted is the task of a few individuals whereas it is a collective obligation in an environment where breach is avoided through effective communication and training of employees. Some institutions have established or created security programs that recognize and gives a warning when patients’ health records are accessed by unauthorized individuals. This allows individuals in charge of security devise ways to evade instances where information is accesses by third parties through illegal and immoral techniques (Reckless, Reynolds and Newman, 2012). Therefore, I believe a good plan can be devised to address the problem. The Solution plan Breach of patients’ health information can be avoided through ensuring private health information is relayed and communicated to the patient through secure methods. For instance, if information is to be relayed through social sites, it

A Framework for Effective Communication Skills Research Paper

A Framework for Effective Communication Skills - Research Paper Example The framework focuses upon the five ‘Is’ such as interaction with the patient, developing the intention of the interaction, planning upon the kinds of intervention techniques used, evaluating the impact of such sorts of intervention and assessing the implication of the information that has been gathered and thus taking actions accordingly (Hamilton & Martin, 2007). The article tries to focus upon the fact that it is significant for the nurses to communicate with the patients by making use of diverse skills in order to ensure the patients that the health care practitioners are there to help the patients both psychologically and physically taking into account the patient’s state of health. The article also tries to identify that the patients must be given chance to express their fears, worries, anxiety, and concerns if any so that the healthcare professionals are able to identify the root cause of the problems prevailing with the patient (Hamilton & Martin, 2007). It is significant for the nurses to identify that providing the patients with information needs to be goal-directed activity. The intentions behind the interaction with the patients need to be identified. If such intentions can be identified by the practitioners then they will be capable of evaluating the efficiency of their contact with the patient.  

The Relationship Between Religion and Morality Essay

The Relationship Between Religion and Morality - Essay Example This paper approves that A man is not strong enough to resist the feeling of fear. Instead, the absence of friendship and universal virtues are closely connected with low morals and fear of people to be abandoned by God. In this case, killing of enemies deals with self-preservation of people. It means that a person could easily lie in order to avoid punishment even if it is resulted in the death of other people. When one person's actions begin to affect another person, we have moved from personal ethics to social ethics and often have to place some limits on human behavior. So, neither of the facts mentioned above can be interpreted as goodness and moral. So, it is possible to say that God and religion is not moral. The main problem caused by human sacrifice ritual is that people had no choice: they had to commit suicide in order to please their God. This essay makes a conclusion that historically, the mixing of morality and religion is not accidental. It helps to strengthen power and gain personal economic benefit. It is equally wrong for religion to impose morals on others by force. In either case the religious arena becomes a battleground, between right and wrong morals, so about right and wrong dogmas. So, fundamental values are denied humans are turned into corpses at astounding rates. At the more basic level, religion is an attempt to legislate morality. The distinction between religion and morality creates a space for freedom, in which an individual can feel free. In many cases, followers need emotional support for their morality, and this can come only from religion.

Actors and Acting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Actors and Acting - Research Paper Example Antony Sher is another known impersonator. Similarly, Nancy, Bill Sykes and Fagin are also famous impersonators and played in the Dickens’ novel ‘Oliver’. 2. PERSONALITY: Personality actors are the actors who play themselves in different parts again and again. John Wayne, Jack Nicholson and Tom Cruise are famous personality characters. Tony Danza is also a personality actor and played in different parts in ‘on Taxi’ and ‘Who’s the Boss’. The personality actor must naturally have strong personalities and coinciding with the roles in which he is acting. Some actors, such as Jack Nicholson, possess such a personality that one can even know the meaning of his non-verbal cues by mere movement of his position or lift of an eye-brow. 3. STARS: Mark Harris, in his article, says that star is a person who can draw and actuate the audience to see a movie where there is no convincing reason to watch it. An ideal example of a star is Arnold Schwarzenegger. His films are very much liked by the audiences and the public is itself drawn to see the movie. The star is deemed to possess a charismatic personality and influences the audience. The stars are very popular off-screen also. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt are also famous stars of this age. 4. WILD CARDS: Wild cards are the category of actors who can perform several different roles, all equally well and therefore, cannot be regarded as a one specific type of actors. Philip Hoffman is a known name in wild card. However, he is also considered as impersonator. Helen Mirren is another impersonator who is also considered wild card. Meryl Streep is also a famous wild card. The wild cards usually interpret roles. They often bring themselves in different personalities. The crux and art of acting lies in it as to behave in a number of distinctive roles is not an easy task. 5. CHARACTERS: Here are

The Relationship Between Religion and Morality Essay

The Relationship Between Religion and Morality - Essay Example This paper approves that A man is not strong enough to resist the feeling of fear. Instead, the absence of friendship and universal virtues are closely connected with low morals and fear of people to be abandoned by God. In this case, killing of enemies deals with self-preservation of people. It means that a person could easily lie in order to avoid punishment even if it is resulted in the death of other people. When one person's actions begin to affect another person, we have moved from personal ethics to social ethics and often have to place some limits on human behavior. So, neither of the facts mentioned above can be interpreted as goodness and moral. So, it is possible to say that God and religion is not moral. The main problem caused by human sacrifice ritual is that people had no choice: they had to commit suicide in order to please their God. This essay makes a conclusion that historically, the mixing of morality and religion is not accidental. It helps to strengthen power and gain personal economic benefit. It is equally wrong for religion to impose morals on others by force. In either case the religious arena becomes a battleground, between right and wrong morals, so about right and wrong dogmas. So, fundamental values are denied humans are turned into corpses at astounding rates. At the more basic level, religion is an attempt to legislate morality. The distinction between religion and morality creates a space for freedom, in which an individual can feel free. In many cases, followers need emotional support for their morality, and this can come only from religion.

The most significant factors that contributed society Essay Example for Free

The most significant factors that contributed society Essay A.One of the most significant that contributed to the expansion of the United States was the California Gold Rush that started in 1848. In 1848, word of a bounty of gold to be found in California caught the attention of many easterners. They had dreams of becoming rich. So in the year 1849, many men left their families and homes for the California wilds to make their fortune. They figured that a year away from home was worth the riches they would return with. These men were referred to as â€Å"forty-niners† as they left in the year 1849. As hundreds of gold seekers flooded California, the gold eventually ran out. Thousands of people made the journey west for gold. Many stayed seeing the potential of the new western land. This also gave way to farming the fertile land of California. Farmers came and stayed to sustain the new population and eventual state. This helped make the state what it is today. It is still a place where thousands of people live trying to eek out a living or become rich. see more:among the historical changes that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline was Another contributor to the expansion of the United States was the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889. In one day the city of Guthrie exploded into a population of ten thousand residents. The government opened land in the state as a first come first served basis. People lined up to stake their claim on land at the border. At 12 noon, the barriers were lifted and one of the most chaotic events in history unfolded. Hundreds of people on foot, wagon and horseback bolted for their unclaimed property. Within hours, almost all of the plotted out townships were taken. This expansion contributed greatly to the population moving west and economically gave a boost to the new â€Å"frontier†. It was one of the biggest and fastest western moves in history. B.Mesopotamia was one of the most significant factors that contributed to the development of society today. Mesopotamians were a highly intelligent people. Their society revolved around a temple with a priest acting on behalf of their God. Later these priests were more like kings but still were considered a mouthpiece for God. The Mesopotamians wrote down all of their laws on tablets. No one, not even the king, was above the law. This  way of governing trickled down through societies to today. The metal workers developed a way of using furnaces to heat their metal works to make them stronger. This act of smelting was passed throughout other areas and countries. Smelting made the metal much stronger. The land of Mesopotamia was fertile. The location of the two rivers led to irrigation of farmland, while the hospitable climate made farming an easy prospect. This led the people to change from hunters and gatherers to a more sophisticated society rather quickly. This leads me to believ e that agriculture was the most significant factor in the development of their society as a whole. The Mesopotamians began to export their goods they invented. Axes for war and building, pottery wheels, and glass are just a few of the exported goods. They were thought to have also invented the wheel. The wheel made everyday life so much easier for their people and others as this invention was spread around. The use of a divided day and night into two 12 hour blocks was made by the Mesopotamioans to make trade easier with other cities. They then divided their weeks into seven days. The Jewish people then made this seven day calendar into Sundays as a day of rest and worship which then morphed into our modern day weekend. Currency was also developed by the Mesopotamians to make trade easier. The worth of a cow, pottery and a slave, was all written down to make trade fare. Mesopotamia contribute to many economic cultures by starting this way of fare trade. Mesopotamia and Egypt used cultural exchange through war, trade and migration to diffuse their two cultures. With these two rivers of Tigris and Euphrates so easily accessable for both cultures, trade was easily obtained while workers were needed to help with the progression of cultural advancement. Trade and warfare were huge factors in diffusion of these two cultures. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt began to depend on the other for various trades of produce, animals, products, and people. References The Oregon Trail, 2011, Boettcher/Trinklein Inc., www.america101.us/trail/Oregontrail.html The Rush to Oklahoma, 1889 Harpers Weekly, William Willard Howard, www.library.cornell.edu Walker, Ann-Marie, The California Gold Rush Led to Development and Expansion of the United States, August 2011, voice.yahoo.com Annenberg Learner, Video on Demand, The Western Tradition, Mesopotamia, Guisepi, Robert, Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared, The Origins of Civilizations, history-world.org

Private Universities In Egypt Media Essay

Private Universities In Egypt Media Essay There are a lot of private universities in Egypt nowadays; private universities are not controlled by the government so there have been a lot of opinions about the quality of education and the differences between the public universities and the private universities in Egypt. In this paper I will discuss those differences showing the advantages and the disadvantages of both of them. Private universities are universities that are not controlled by governments although a lot of these universities collect public funding, in particularly in the shape of tax breaks and public student scholarships. Reliant on their place, private universities may be questioned to government guidelines. Private universities match up to public universities and national universities. Universities in Egypt are mainly divided into governmentally-funded or privately funded. Schooling in Egypt is without any costs by the government and has been a vital spread good for a long time in Europe and in the United States. Affiliation is always open for private universities, in particularly in the Arab world. Private universities are Egyptian or external, and normally have a much reduced student body and with a larger amount of fees.Private universities are each strongly exceptional. From variations in syllabus and educational paradigm to objective reports, each private university generates an ambiance that is really only for it. The students, not the government are the precedence of the private university. Lecturers make the aim high at the start and students keep hopping to fulfill these aims for the rest of the 4 years. If academics and only academic is the aim throughout the university years, then go to a private university if you can. Most parents do their best in order to provide a best education and opportunity for their sons and daughters to succeed. The outcome of this is that their sons and daughters turn out to be an extremely strong participator to the public and the people. From a lot of experiences, very little matches up to the academics that are gained at a private univers ity. Education and tutoring at private universities are the importance more than the syllabus itself. The syllabus is hard and the course-work never ends, but education is main objective at private universities. It is very hard for students to work while learning at a private university because it will be impossible to keep a balance between working and succeeding at courses. Although education is very high the workload is too much and this makes it very difficult to have any external activities while studying. Moreover, the fees of private universities are very high. Therefore, if there are no financial problems then go ahead and attend a private university, but if parents cannot afford it or students will fail then you have to set your priorities first and each student has to know that they will have to work hard in order to succeed. The rest of the article will be discussing more of the pros and cons of private universities, and how they could be of a benefit and what could make parents and students hesitate and think more than once before entering a private university. Body The government and the higher education control. Private universities have become very popular over the past few years in Egypt, and the reason behind this was to reduce the load on public universities, who admit millions of students that they cannot find places for. Private universities are Egyptian or foreign, and they normally have a way reduced student body and with much more expensive fees. Earlier in 1993, there were only 2 private foreign universities that were launched many years ago. The American University in Cairo was established in 1919, and the Arab Academy. Nowadays there are 8 private universities, and there will be 3 more private universities that will be launched soon. A lot of arguments and researches have been conducted around private universities, and whether they are good or not, and if they are better than public universities or not. Many questions were asked around this topic, and a lot of results with a lot of different opinions have evolved. Many people were against private universities and with public universities, others were in favor of private universities over the public sector, and others were in support of both which found that each one has its advantages and disadvantages. Escaping from the public universities!! Since private universities have been established it was noticed that many students started to get attracted to the private sector over the public sector regarding its expensive tuition fees. Below is a table that shows a comparison between students attending public universities and private universities: Year Private Universities Public Universities 2005 40884 2212536 2004 36834 2177661 2003 30431 2083451 2002 24946 1953561 2001 16774 1790604 2000 11954 1705715 1999 6274 1688434 1998 3201 1586972 1997 1911 1471991 As we can see from the above table that there has been a great increase in the number of students who admitted for private universities. So what does private universities look like and what do they offer more than what public universities offer? This is a question that has been asked by many people. Most private universities in Egypt are either universities owned by individuals or offshore campuses of foreign universities. Private universities are not often a chief reason on making higher education international; somewhat they are locally attached organizations with their individual programs. A lot of private universities tutor religion, information technology, and business administration, and these are the most sectors that are thriving in the whole world. Challenges in the higher education in Egypt For the beginning of the evolvement of private universities, these universities have faced a lot of false impressions such as low quality of education, expensive tuition fees and so on but as time went by these false impressions just started to disappear. An idea that is commonly known within private universities is that their normal tuition fees for a student is nearly equivalent to that of public universities. This idea has been denied by a research that was not published by the Federal Department Education. Private universities leaders quarreled for a long time that in spite of their harshly expensive fees, the whole fee of tutoring a student at a private university was on an average with the similar fee of schooling at a public university, together with all funding and aids. There is no doubt that there are some private universities that have extremely expensive tuition fees, but there are still other private universities that their tuition fees are somewhat reasonable. Private universities are moving fast towards their quest of giving education to a lot of people, sideways to their strong points and their weak points. Although public universities are playing the essential part, the important influence of private universities cannot be overlooked. Private universities give education to those people who cannot take advantage from the education that is provided by the public universities. If students did not get the opportunity to study at a public university they might not study at any university or they have to go to a foreign country in order to get the education they need. Therefore, private universities prevent students from leaving the country and still maintain a good education. Moreover, private universities offer courses that are connected with the desired career and also the syllabus is renewed on a regular basis so that it will always stay up-to-date to guarantee quality. The nature of private universities is much more concentrated to the academics more than public universities. Yet, there are no political aggressions that can be noticed in the private universities. In addition, in private universities the relationship between the student and the professor is different from that in public universities. Students in private universities can talk without restrictions with their professors because the number of students is not too much, which also gives the chance for the professor to give a better education because there few students. Moreover, private universities are also making employment chances for the new teachers. Also, different activities are carried out and inspired by the students of the private universities instead of the public ones, for example sports, debates, and so on. Also private universities reduce the nightmares of registration. Because the number of students at public universities is large, students usually have to struggle with the system in order to apply or to get into the classes required for them to graduate. This will not be a problem at private universities; if you are a new student and you are trying to apply for a private university this will not be a problem because the number of students is small, therefore, making the decision for the enrollment is done by studying each case for each student alone. If you are an existing student and you are trying to register for courses for graduation, this will not be a problem either, because the number of students is not large, each student will be able to register for the required courses and all students will be able to graduate on time. Moreover, private universities provide a cozy group environment. At private universities students will get to know each other better and form intimate relationships for good. Unlike public universities, students will not be able to know each other because the number of students is very large and everyone will be busy trying to succeed instead of forming friendships. Also, students will not drop of course and they will not fall behind because if a student is facing problems, whether if they are educational problems or personal problems, professors or advisors will be able notice that and they will try to help them. Private universities provide active alumni, and because private universities have small number of students, students will be able to be a member of an alumni group for good. Because the number of students at public universities is large a student will have to be perfect and also up to standard to be able to contribute in activities such as sports, music, drama, etc. with a smaller number of students at private universities everyone will be able to participate in any activity, a student will not have to be superior in order to participate. Therefore, students will be able to get involved any activity they want. Private universities Vs. Public Universities To summarize the advantages of private universities over the public ones, private universities offer smaller class sizes. Because the university grounds are usually small in size, private universities also have small class sizes. This gives the opportunity for larger student/professor communication and a more attractive learning experience. It is uncertain that a huge lecture hall will be found on private universities grounds. Also, because the classrooms are small and the ratio of professor-to-student is small this gives a greater chance for student to interact and participate more in class. Shy students are more capable to interact in a reduced and cozy environment than a lecture hall filled with hundreds of students. Moreover, a minor collection of students will be able to have debates with higher quality and they will be able to interact better at a personal level with their lecturers and professors. Different from public universities who have large student numbers; private universities place professors in each class. Because public universities have large numbers of students professors donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t often go to each class, instead university courses will normally be given by professorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ assistants, or doctoral students rather than professors themselves. Therefore, private universities have smaller class sizes, they provide more participation in class, students will be able to communicate better with their professors, they will be able to get involved in activities, they will be part of an alumni community, and students will be able to live in a cozy and a family-like environment. Although private universities have a lot of advantages as we have discussed above, they still have some disadvantages. One of the most critical disadvantages and the reason that could drive many students and parents away from private universities is their tuition fees. Private universities have very expensive tuition fees, students that want to enroll at these universities must be very well off in order to be able to pay the money required. Students who will not be able to pay the tuition fees will have to follow scholarships and financial aid forms. Also if students who could not afford the fees and want to attend these universities will have to take a weighty student loan debt, which is a major disadvantage because beginning your years with weighty loans can be quite a huge load. Another disadvantage is that private universities provide narrow graduate programs. For students who wish to continue a graduate or a doctoral degree, a lot of private universities will not provide any postgraduate degree, they only provide baccalaureate degree. Any students wishing to continue postgraduate studies will have to go and attend a public university. Moreover, private universities have very narrow major offerings. Because private universities are small, they do not provide different majors. The varieties of majors are only available at public universities because they are large and a lot of students enroll at these universities. In addition, private universities have fewer departments with not so much professors or courses that are offered. Conclusion Private universities have become very popular today, and many parents and students prefer to enroll at a private university today over public universities. Private universities has many advantages, which are that private universities provide education to those who cannot benefit from the education that is been provided by public universities. Private universities offer courses that are connected with the desired career, syllabus is always up-to-date, no political aggressions is found at private universities, and students and professors have a more open relationship, they both can talk freely with no restrictions. Moreover, private universities reduce the nightmares of registration, they provide a cozy group environment, and students at private universities will be sure to be members of active alumni. Although private universities have a lot of advantages, they still have their disadvantages which are expensive tuition fees, they provide narrow graduate programs, and they provide narrow major offerings.